How A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.

Examine This Report on A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


They also enable the opportunity of field spot checks and remove the opportunity of tasting mistakes where the asphalt being made use of was not the exact same as received by the screening lab. Simon Hesp, Queens University (Kingston, Ontario) The TFHRC team will quickly send to AASHTO the draft test methods that transportation companies can make use of to check for the existence of REOB in asphalt mixes.


is an elderly study drug store on the Sidewalk Products Group in FHWA's Workplace of Infrastructure R & D and Federal laboratory manager for the chemistry laboratory at TFHRC. He is an other of the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom and a Chartered Drug store. To find out more, get in touch with Terence Arnold at 2024933305 or .


Break filling is when warm sealer is utilized to fill up fractures in sidewalk to stop water from doing anymore damage. The sealer will certainly follow the asphalt, keeping water and other natural environments from permeating and manipulating the weakness in your sidewalk. One of the greatest errors individuals make when it comes to fractures in their sidewalk, is waiting too long to obtain them loaded.




A Biased View of A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


Asphalt RepairsAsphalt Sealcoating In St Louis
What was when a small crack can promptly end up being alligator breaking and even a fracture, endangering the stability of your entire sidewalk surface area (https://qualtricsxm4qwdsn59g.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0H8SwRAI7gGMMQK). Sealcoating will safeguard asphalt from fuel, oil, water, climate and website traffic wear. It's a fast and very easy means to help prevent damages and must be used every 3-5 years, constantly in the warmer months


Sealcoating leaves your sidewalk looking smooth and dark. This is the perfect remedy if you are searching for a straightforward method to improve the appearance of your asphalt and shield it from the elements. Extends life of pavement Accelerates the melting of snow and ice Minimizes long-term repair expenses Shields pavement from oxidation, oil, chemical spills and water infiltration Improves appearance of building Milling is the procedure of eliminating the leading layer of asphalt without interrupting the underlying subbase.


Milling can be completed at a fraction of the expense of a complete reconstruction due to the fact that only the top layer is eliminated and replaced. https://medium.com/@a1asphaltsealng/about. The whole process can be completed in a reasonably short time period. Inexpensive Quick task conclusion Recycling of old material Patching is the process of completing splits




Not known Facts About A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc




 


All particles must be eliminated, occasionally there might even be plant jabbing with which should be gotten rid of from the origin. what is cold asphalt?. Asphalt needs a strong base, otherwise, you'll just have a lot more issues in the future. The kind of asphalt utilized to load pockets will depend on the weather condition and dimension of the pocket, generally warm or chilly mix asphalt will be made use of


Depending on the size of the hole, different equipment or devices can be used for this. An asphalt overlay can be taken a big patching job over a stretch of asphalt. Overlay is normally used when existing asphalt is revealing some signs of breaking and fractures, however not rather sufficient damages to call for a full replacement.




What Is Cold Mix AsphaltWhat Is Cold Asphalt?
It will usually follow this process: It starts with removing go to these guys whatever the existing surface area is and dealing with it. If the existing surface area is asphalt, it can be recycled and utilized in future asphalt surface areas, which will certainly save you cash on material. Before laying anything down the surface should be rated, this will permit water to recede from the sidewalk and right into a grassy location.


The below base is the bottom many layer, it will certainly be sustaining your new sidewalk. A proof roll is an examination to be sure the underlying surface area is strong sufficient to support the new asphalt.




The Only Guide for A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


 


It's never too late to learn something brand-new, and when it comes to asphalt pavement installation, there are numerous points that house owners, commercial property proprietors, and town employees might not know. At Wolf Paving, we are Milwaukee, Oconomowoc and Madison asphalt paving contractors in who take pride in informing individuals regarding every little thing asphalt it's our interest.


The first action in the asphalt installation procedure is to get rid of the existing surface, whether it is asphalt, concrete or pavers., turning deteriorating waste right into solid, usable brand-new asphalt.




 


The below base gives a stable surface to sustain new pavement. The sub base is a frost barrier to assist decrease winter season damage as a result of cold and thawing. Throughout the setup, base density, base security, and compaction are necessary steps. If the sub base is not properly compacted, the asphalt surface area ahead will certainly not provide years of toughness.




The Greatest Guide To A1 Professional Asphalt & Sealing Llc


Asphalt Paving RepairsCold Mix Vs Hot Mix Asphalt
A Wolf Paving proof roll entails driving a quad-axle dump vehicle, filled with 72,000 extra pounds, row by row over the entire surface area. If the crushed rock bends greater than an inch under the weight of the truck, it means that the base is not effectively supported. If the proof roll finds soft areas in the below base, Wolf Paving makes the essential repairs in endangered areas to guarantee the entire sub base is helpful.


Wolf Paving has also pioneered a new process called plowing. This procedure involves undercutting the sub base, yet instead of eliminating all of the soft clay and dirt, it is rather blended with included accumulation to enhance the stamina of the compromised locations - a1 asphalt. Once the sub base is laid and any type of soft areas are determined and fixed, it is time to include the binder

 

A Biased View of St Lucie Asphalt Driveway Paving Pros Port St Lucie Fl

The 20-Second Trick For Paving Companies Port St Lucie Fl

 

Asphalt Port St Lucie FlPaving Companies Near Me

The majority of business and household driveways are ended up with either asphalt or concrete. Both are affordable, but asphalt comes with even more advantages. An asphalt driveway can typically be laid in one or 2 days, depending on the size of the job.


Depending on the season, asphalt driveways can be on-line in just two days after conclusion, whereas concrete can use up to a week to cure. Unlike concrete, asphalt is exempt to surface molting caused by bad installment, incorrect prep work of the mixture as well as the application of salts to thaw ice as well as snow.


Concrete is more tough to keep, due to the fact that it can not be heated and also repaired with the exact same convenience as asphalt pavement. A fringe benefit of asphalt is that its black shade aids attract as well as keep even more of the sunlight's warm. In the winter, this suggests that snow will thaw faster on an asphalt driveway than it will certainly on a concrete driveway.

 

Some Known Details About Paving Companies Port St Lucie Fl


Concrete as well as asphalt require a substantial amount of healing time. When you choose pavers, you have the ability to create a driveway design that's absolutely one-of-a-kind. With numerous paver sizes and shapes to select from, you can develop a pattern that will certainly set your house besides the remainder! Pavers are the excellent selection to enhance the shade of your residence and also landscaping.

 

 

 

Paving Companies Near MePaving Companies Near Me
Not so with pavers repairing the damages could not be much easier. Since specific pavers interlock to form the surface, repairing is as easy as pulling up the harmed pavers and also replacing them with new ones! With pavers there's no demand to bother with poor weather. Driveway pavers offer much better grip and also much better water drainage.


Here at Ajax Paving, we pride ourselves on our professionalism. In this post, we'll go over a few of the reasons that your company or town should select to deal with qualified asphalt leading contractors like us. Anyone can have a great instructor or check out all the how-to guidebooks, yet there are some lessons just experience can strengthen.

 

 

 

The 7-Minute Rule for St Lucie Asphalt Driveway Paving Pros Asphalt Contractors

 

 


Asphalt can be a complicated product. The longevity of this paving material makes a huge distinction in the final product of your road, flight terminal, freeway, or other projects.


Done right, an asphalt paving task need to have a lengthy life-span, specifically with very little maintenance. A superb paving job will certainly not only last a long period of time, it will additionally keep those who drive on it risk-free. From slow-moving bikes or even pedestrians to speeding aircrafts, traffic speed must not affect the safety of those on your smooth location.


Various paving projects require different asphalts. Understanding the distinction between them is one of the see it here elements of an experienced asphalt business.

 

 

 

How Driveway Paving Port St Lucie Fl can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.

 

 


Obtaining a well-paved asphalt area comes when you hire an experienced crew like Ajax Paving in Michigan or Florida. We have actually found out a great deal along the way as well as can bring that expertise to your project.

 

 

 

Asphalt Port St Lucie FlSt Lucie Asphalt Driveway Paving Pros Paving Companies Near Me


Highway noise is an interruption in your car and also at house. Asphalt roads can lower freeway noise by as much as seven decibels. St Lucie Asphalt Driveway Paving Pros paving companies near me. For range of recommendation, minimizing sound by just 3 decibels is the comparable to increasing the distance from the resource of the sound to the audience. Asphalt roadways additionally lower the requirement for pricey and also undesirable , often going beyond $2 million per mile.


They can be led simply a lane each time, reducing interruption to people and also reducing blockage through rapid construction procedures, saving taxpayers thousands of bucks in user hold-up costs. Tasks can commonly be finished in one short day, even over night, leaving routes open for tourists as well as providing road accessibility for shops as well as companies.

 

 

 

Not known Factual Statements About Asphalt Paving Port St Lucie Fl


This brochure reviewed the advantages of the item and why asphalt is best for American, right currently as well as right into the future. Look for additional sources and also products highlighting the benefits of asphalt on our Advertising and marketing web page.


Discover Why Concrete is Your Finest Choice for Paving Projects If you require paving services, you probably already know that you have 2 choices: concrete or asphalt. Which of the two is the best choice? We'll give you a fast run-through of try this web-site their distinctions, and also how they associate with paving jobs.

 

 

 

 


Concrete is made from American materials such as limestone, rock and water. Locations paved with asphalt need even more upkeep than those paved with concrete.

 

 

 

What Does Paving Companies Port St Lucie Fl Do?


Rigid concrete is also extra resilient than asphalt. When you aspect in pavers customer service yearly maintenance, asphalt sidewalk can set you back 4 to seven times as much money to keep.


One recent post from an Iowa newspaper included a community's decision to pave their roadways with either asphalt or concrete. It was aimed out that while a concrete street would need little maintenance over a thirty years period, an asphalt street would need a major resurfacing in just 15 years.
 

The smart Trick of Asphalt Near Me That Nobody is Talking About

Commercial Paving Things To Know Before You Buy

 

Getting a well-paved asphalt area comes when you work with a seasoned staff like Ajax Paving in Michigan or Florida. Our business has been in business for 70 years! We have actually found out a great deal along the method and can bring that know-how to your project. Provide us a phone call today to review your project.


The amount of early mornings have you gotten up, stood still, as well as appreciated the sunlight? Let me guess- very seldom. Human beings are such that we take for provided the generally occurring points despite just how important they are. There are likewise plenty of manufactured points that have made our lives hassle-free.


The factor is simple. It is extremely economical.

 

 

 

 


Professionally led asphalt lasts a lengthy time and can sustain different climate conditions. That's why you can see asphalt smooth roadways almost everywhere from icy Iceland to the exotic Philippines.

 

 

 

Excitement About Commercial Parking Lot

 

 


The recyclability of asphalt is an additional factor for its affordability. A broken asphalt surface can be repaved repeatedly with little or no added materials. All it calls for is the labor expense. 4. Assists the Economic climate If harmed, asphalt can be repaired with family member ease. We have reviewed how asphalt is recyclable.


During the night, the issue for the paving procedure isn't practically asphalt itself. The roads, driveways and the parking area can be repainted with oil-based white and also yellow tinted lanes making the roadways well-visible in the evening. Asphalt service technicians can additionally install metal reflective gadgets that radiate vibrantly before fronts lights.




For that factor alone, there is no alternative to asphalt for surface areas that experience extreme frictions such as airport runways as well as racetracks. You see asphalt is the guardian that allows safe touchdowns to thousands of airplanes all over the world in all weather problems. While some estimation is associated with paving an asphalt surface area, the real paving process is really extremely quick.


This attribute offers it a rubbery appearance that is both difficult and soft. While concrete is crucial for vertical structures such as buildings and also residences, asphalt is one of the most suitable for horizontal surface areas. You should consider nothing various other than asphalt when leading your roads, freeways, vehicle parking great deals or driveways.

 

 

 

The smart Trick of Asphalt Near Me That Nobody is Discussing


We have gone over exactly how asphalt is recyclable. That suggests damaged pieces of asphalt pavements can be reheated and also reused to repair damages. Maintenance for asphalt sidewalks is very simple. There are far-off roadways and highways in the center of the desert that need no upkeep whatsoever. Nonetheless, the inner city roadways and an asphalt driveway in your house do need little upkeep simply for cleanliness.


Because asphalt is petroleum-based, it does not soak up water and also extremely fast to dry. That's why we don't see molds on asphalt surfaces. For concrete, on the other hand, it is common as cement absorbs water.


Usually numerous various other city systems comply with the roads. These include electrical, water and also sewage system systems. If any one of those systems need enhancements or fixings, asphalt can be conveniently gotten rid of from that section as well as replaced after the jobs are done. xpress paving If it ever before happens that the asphalt pavements have splits or openings after being made use of for a lengthy time under rough conditions, the resurfacing process to fill the openings is easy whatsoever.


Asphalt is really versatile. They are customized and with asphalt, it is simpler to do than any kind of other products.

 

 

 

Some Known Factual Statements About Commercial Paving

 

Asphalt Near MeFaith Asphalt
If a specific city was paved with concrete, the white and reflective shade would have made the summer season temperature intolerable for human beings to walk about. Asphalt sidewalks are climate and period pleasant.


As well as because it does not take in water, the stormy period is not an issue either. Of course, depending on the weather condition and seasons of a certain area, the asphalt specialists prepare the mixes in a different way.

 

 

 

Asphalt PavingAsphalt
Also, unpaved roads and also driveways throughout the stormy season can be truly uncomfortable to drive on. Asphalt paved driveways secure the land and also include in the safety of the cars read the article and trucks at the very same time (commercial paving). As a result of its smooth structure as well as proper tire grip, asphalt paved roads and also highways substantially reduce vehicle discharges.


Because it is quick to harden, road construction does not take much time and in a busy city, this is a relief since traffic jams during roadway building and construction are really usual. Asphalt road paving in Harrisburg, PA can be done with one lane open as well as when it's done, the workers can rapidly switch and also do Full Article the other lane.

 

 

 

Commercial Asphalt Fundamentals Explained

 

Asphalt Near MeAsphalt Paving
The modern technology for asphalt paving doesn't stay the same at all times. Many sorts of study have actually been going on for greater than a hundred years. As days pass, asphalt manufacturing, mixing, and applications enhance. There are thousands of research works as well as examination results that can be located. One considerable institute is the Auburn College National Center for Asphalt Modern Technology.
 

Some Known Factual Statements About Paver Sealing Near Me

Top Guidelines Of Paver Sealing Near Me


These sealers offer premium shade enhancement, and also there's a great deal of various sealers on the market. Either method, what it does is it dims and enriches the colors of the block.


Sort of like it does when it's moist or wet, it'll make that paver shade truly revived as well as raise the all-natural elegance. Now, when it comes to tinting, there are choices available for extra color enhancement, which is called tinting. There are a great deal of companies available that have actually specialized in tinting your pavers, which implies claim, if you have actually obtained a light grey paver as well as you would instead it be red, they can change the shade of the block.


You'll see some blotchiness. Because of that, you're really trying to change the shade of the block.




Getting The Paver Sealing Near Me To Work


Depending on where you're at in the country, you may have an expert that does that sort of thing. So if you do not like the color of your bricks, tinting them is most definitely a choice and also it is more affordable than replacing them. Paver Protectors' semi-gloss shine Last, but not least is the shine.


Our water-based sealers that enhance the color, they likewise enhance the sheen. So we call it like a satin to semi-gloss type sheen. It's not too glossy. The reason we steer clear of from the incredibly glossy sealers is they become rather slippery and also they're not breathable, which indicates they trap condensation and wetness underneath creating like a white hazy film.




We do not make use of those types of sealers. Currently, a lot of that depends upon the component of the nation that you remain in. If you're up North as well as you don't have high humidity, high water tables, you can most definitely use these kinds of sealants without the threat of them capturing dampness.




See This Report on Paver Sealing Near Me


The trickiness and also the whiting issue ... stay away from the high gloss, unless you're in those locations as well as you do an examination place. That's going to cover it up for today. If you have any kind of questions, specifically about the protection, the shade improvement, that kind of point, please do not hesitate to get to out to me.


Ask some excellent quality concerns and many firms are very eager to help. They want you to make the right choices. We prompt consumers and also customers and also individuals that are out there doing this on your own.


Thank you for paying attention to the Experiences in Paver Sealing podcast. To discover even more regarding Paver Protectors, please see paverprotectors.




An Unbiased View of Paver Sealing Near Me


There are many advantages to securing pavers, however it's not definitely essential. It actually depends upon your assumptions of pavers as well as the length of time you would like them to look fantastic. Pavers that aren't secured will certainly be more most likely to grow weeds in the joints, they will fade as well as loose their color from wear and also UV breakdown, as well as because a lot of more recent paver sealants consist of an additive that will harden the joint sand it is much less likely learn the facts here now that you will certainly have settling or moving triggered by joint sand loss.


A lot of paver makes will tell you that it's not required to seal your pavers, nevertheless, it is extremely suggested. If you do not seal your pavers, they won't wear away and also wither away.


Securing can also secure your pavers from anything international that could drop on them discoloring from oil, leaves, splashes. Sealing develops an invisible layer on top of your pavers that wards off water, oil and also anything else you might inadvertently go down, as long as you clean it away as quickly as you notice it.




3 Easy Facts About Paver Sealing Near Me Shown


An appropriately mounted paver outdoor patio with appropriate drainage will certainly go a lengthy method to avoid weeds, nevertheless, sealing pavers with a joint supporting sealant will certainly set the sand in the joint making it really difficult for weeds to expand. A great deal of individuals are perplexed where weeds in the joints of pavers come from.




 


Both of these situations are wrong as well as probably difficult. Weeds in pavers almost constantly originated from seeds being top article strike in as well as transferred into the sand joint from neighboring weeds. If you have a great deal of weeds in your backyard or landscape beds than its nearly a warranty that you will have weeds in your pavers.


If you discover sinking places or your pavers shifting, opportunities are its not an outcome of your pavers not being secured. It's greater than likely an outcome of poor base installment or side restriction failure. That being claimed, another leading source of pavers shifting about is the absence of sand in the paver joint.




9 Simple Techniques For Paver Sealing Near Me


When that sand vanishes, there are little spaces between each get more paver enabling them to move due to the fact that they're no more limited. If you were to seal your pavers with a joint stabilizing sealer, it would certainly stop sand loss which consequently could prevent your pavers from working out or changing.




Paver Sealing Near MePaver Sealing Near Me

Paver Sealing Near MePaver Sealing Near Me

There are some things that can go substantially wrong if you don't know what to look for when sealing your pavers. Some of the most common problems that we see from DIY paver sealing is a hazing or a white movie trapped under the sealant.

 

Excitement About Driveway

About Faith Asphalt

 

At initially stated it had actually been over a year until we verified it with the signed agreement. Came out and claimed it required to be pressure cleaned, when they had claimed it really did not when we made inquiries during bidding process.


Move are better business available. Even if they are low proposal, you won't get good work, there is a reason for it.


The wellness of your asphalt sidewalk affects two points: aesthetic allure as well as safety and security. When the surface area is jeopardized, you're inviting an entire host problems to arise with the subsurface. If the subsurface begins to damage you're taking a look at things like splits or repaving it in its entirety. And also blistering, splitting, and warped pavement doesn't improve your curb appeal.

 

 

 

The Of Faith Asphalt

 

 


They vary in range which is wonderful for you due to the fact that you can pick just what you need to get the work done. There are simply a few points to take into consideration when intending for asphalt paving. Getting one of the most out of your asphalt service includes preparation. Inaccurate setup as well as you run the risk of "crocodile splits" developing at the surface.


Just how do you know splits need filling? All asphalt has a solid subsurface. Improper pouring of the sidewalk or by not repairing fractures.


Sitting water is terrible for your pavements wellness. Currently that we know the most significant issues when it comes to repairing your asphalt you can prepare for your paving project.

 

 

 

Some Known Details About Driveway Near Me

 

Faith AsphaltAsphalt Near Me

Faith AsphaltDriveway Minneapolis



Asphalt patching assists with blistering and also craters. It's essentially the application of fresh pavement in addition to a pre-existing condition. Works for both residential as well as business homes. Crack filling up is one the most effective preventative treatments you can do for your blacktop. It consists of getting rid of the dirt and also debris than applying a filler right into the fracture.


With using hefty equipment, you can have the exterior or the whole pitch eliminated - asphalt near me. Why is this a superb service? It's environmentally secure due to the fact that it reuses what it pulls There are a few various sort of asphalt to select from. We damage them down for you as well as just how they could benefit your job.


It cuts gas prices and also can be recycled at greater prices. If you have an industrial building and are concerned concerning water drainage, porous asphalt is an excellent option. A stone subsurface is made use of at such an excellent depth that water drainage with the sidewalk has a difficult time satisfying the surface.

 

 

 

8 Easy Facts About Driveway Shown


There is design that goes right into the laying of asphalt, as well as you wish to trust somebody who can get the task done properly. At Roadbuilders, we are a family-owned and also ran business with decades of experience. We have the knowledge as well as knowledge to provide you with clear recommendations that will enhance both household and business residential or commercial properties.


Asphalt paving has become well-known for driveways, exclusive roads, as well as parking great deals. Good-looking than concrete sidewalk, easy to set up as well as long-term longer, asphalt is the method to go 99% of the time - asphalt. Asphalt pavement is additionally much better concerning driveability, spending plan, and look when done right. It is also a lot more eco pleasant.

 

 

 

 


The appropriate devices is needed for effective and also effective asphalt paving. If you have standard expertise, you can ask your service provider about the ones they utilize. This maker is go to this web-site the tools used for removing the leading layer of any type of existing sidewalk prior to laying new asphalt. A full-depth elimination is usually done using this tools.

 

 

 

The Of Faith Asphalt


Understood as a chilly planner, the milling machine has a big turning drum developed to cut up existing asphalt. A vacuum likewise draws the milled materials so they can be loaded onto the conveyor belt and afterwards onto the milling device. If the area is not fit for a milling device, an is used rather.


Given that a level surface is a vital to the driveability as well as sturdiness of asphalt pavements, grading a dirt or crushed rock surface is needed. After rating or milling, cleaning up the surface comes next off. A sweeper is devices made use of for collecting loose rocks and debris. This procedure ensures the surface area is tidy, and also absolutely nothing will impede the bonding capacities of the new asphalt when laid on the surface.


Most professionals will utilize lower dump, end dump, and live lower dump trucks. Bottom dump, or stomach dump vehicles, have actually sloped internal wall surfaces that guide the asphalt as well as discard them from underneath.

 

 

 

The Best Guide To Faith Asphalt

 

AsphaltDriveway Minneapolis
Meanwhile, live lower dump trucks feature a conveyor system at the end of the bed used to discharge the asphalt or debris. The last is finest for segregation yet is a lot more pricey to operate. If the job is to replace old sidewalk, reclaimers are used these are designed for cutting and damaging old sidewalk.


For hot mix asphalt, an asphalt paver is utilized. The asphalt is packed in front and also after that moved to the back, spread out by augers, and also leveled and compacted by the drifting screed.


The correct equipment is necessary for reliable and efficient asphalt paving. If you have standard expertise, you can ask your service provider about the ones they use. This device is the devices made you can look here use of for removing the top layer of any kind of existing sidewalk prior to laying brand-new asphalt. A full-depth removal is normally done using this tools.

 

 

 

Driveway Near Me for Beginners

 

 


Known as a chilly planner, the milling device has a large rotating drum designed to reduce up existing asphalt. A vacuum cleaner likewise sucks the milled materials so they can be filled onto the conveyor belt and afterwards onto the milling equipment. If the area is not fit for a milling device, a grader is utilized rather.


Considering that a flat surface area is an essential to the driveability as well as sturdiness of asphalt sidewalks, grading a dust or gravel surface is necessary. This process ensures the surface area is tidy, and also absolutely nothing will certainly prevent the bonding abilities of the new asphalt when laid on the surface.


They are also used to relocate particles out of the site for disposal. There check out this site are several kinds of vehicles utilized, depending on the professional. Most contractors will certainly make use of lower dump, end dump, and also live bottom dump vehicles. Base dump, or tummy dump trucks, have actually sloped interior wall surfaces that assist the asphalt as well as dump them from below.

 

 

 

The Greatest Guide To Faith Asphalt


Meanwhile, live bottom dump trucks feature a conveyor system at the base of the bed utilized to unload the asphalt or particles. The latter is ideal for segregation however is a lot more pricey to run. If the project is to change old sidewalk, reclaimers are used these are designed for cutting and destroying old pavement.


For warm mix asphalt, an asphalt paver is used. The asphalt is filled in front and also after that transferred to the back, spread out by augers, as well as leveled as well as compressed by the floating screed.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15